Move memory debug files into nvwa directory.

6 files changed, 2345 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/debug/nvwa/_nvwa.h b/src/debug/nvwa/_nvwa.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..096893c59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/debug/nvwa/_nvwa.h
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+// -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; c-basic-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
+// vim:tabstop=4:shiftwidth=4:expandtab:
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2013-2015 Wu Yongwei <adah at users dot sourceforge dot net>
+ *
+ * This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+ * warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any
+ * damages arising from the use of this software.
+ *
+ * Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+ * including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute
+ * it freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+ *
+ * 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must
+ *    not claim that you wrote the original software.  If you use this
+ *    software in a product, an acknowledgement in the product
+ *    documentation would be appreciated but is not required.
+ * 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must
+ *    not be misrepresented as being the original software.
+ * 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source
+ *    distribution.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Stones of Nvwa:
+ *      http://sourceforge.net/projects/nvwa
+ *
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @file  _nvwa.h
+ *
+ * Common definitions for preprocessing.
+ *
+ * @date  2015-10-28
+ */
+
+#ifndef NVWA_NVWA_H
+#define NVWA_NVWA_H
+
+/**
+ * @namespace nvwa
+ * Namespace of the nvwa project.  Most functions and global variables
+ * are defined in this namespace.
+ */
+
+#ifndef NVWA_USE_NAMESPACE
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+#define NVWA_USE_NAMESPACE 1
+#else
+#define NVWA_USE_NAMESPACE 0
+#endif // __cplusplus
+#endif // NVWA_USE_NAMESPACE
+
+#if NVWA_USE_NAMESPACE
+#define NVWA_NAMESPACE_BEGIN namespace nvwa {
+#define NVWA_NAMESPACE_END }
+#define NVWA nvwa
+#else  // NVWA_USE_NAMESPACE
+#define NVWA_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+#define NVWA_NAMESPACE_END
+#define NVWA
+#endif // NVWA_USE_NAMESPACE
+
+#ifndef NVWA_APPLE
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)
+#define NVWA_APPLE 1
+#else
+#define NVWA_APPLE 0
+#endif
+#endif // NVWA_APPLE
+
+#ifndef NVWA_CYGWIN
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__)
+#define NVWA_CYGWIN 1
+#else
+#define NVWA_CYGWIN 0
+#endif
+#endif // NVWA_CYGWIN
+
+#ifndef NVWA_LINUX
+#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__linux)
+#define NVWA_LINUX 1
+#else
+#define NVWA_LINUX 0
+#endif
+#endif // NVWA_LINUX
+
+#ifndef NVWA_UNIX
+#if defined(__unix__) || defined(__unix) || NVWA_APPLE
+#define NVWA_UNIX 1
+#else
+#define NVWA_UNIX 0
+#endif
+#endif // NVWA_UNIX
+
+#ifndef NVWA_WIN32
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+#define NVWA_WIN32 1
+#else
+#define NVWA_WIN32 0
+#endif
+#endif // NVWA_WIN32
+
+#ifndef NVWA_WINDOWS
+#if NVWA_CYGWIN || NVWA_WIN32
+#define NVWA_WINDOWS 1
+#else
+#define NVWA_WINDOWS 0
+#endif
+#endif // NVWA_WINDOWS
+
+#endif // NVWA_NVWA_H
diff --git a/src/debug/nvwa/c++11.h b/src/debug/nvwa/c++11.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8d8e2d8af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/debug/nvwa/c++11.h
@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+// -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; c-basic-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
+// vim:tabstop=4:shiftwidth=4:expandtab:
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2013-2017 Wu Yongwei <adah at users dot sourceforge dot net>
+ *
+ * This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+ * warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any
+ * damages arising from the use of this software.
+ *
+ * Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+ * including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute
+ * it freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+ *
+ * 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must
+ *    not claim that you wrote the original software.  If you use this
+ *    software in a product, an acknowledgement in the product
+ *    documentation would be appreciated but is not required.
+ * 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must
+ *    not be misrepresented as being the original software.
+ * 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source
+ *    distribution.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Stones of Nvwa:
+ *      http://sourceforge.net/projects/nvwa
+ *
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @file  c++11.h
+ *
+ * C++11 feature detection macros and workarounds.
+ *
+ * @date  2017-04-03
+ */
+
+#ifndef NVWA_CXX11_H
+#define NVWA_CXX11_H
+
+// Only Clang provides these macros; they need to be defined as follows
+// to get a valid expression in preprocessing by other compilers.
+#ifndef __has_extension
+#define __has_extension(x) 0
+#endif
+#ifndef __has_feature
+#define __has_feature(x) 0
+#endif
+#ifndef __has_include
+#define __has_include(x) 0
+#endif
+
+// Detect whether C++11 mode is on (for GCC and Clang).  MSVC does not
+// have a special C++11 mode, so it is always on for Visual C++ 2010 and
+// later.
+#if __cplusplus >= 201103L || \
+    defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__) || \
+    (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1600)
+#define NVWA_CXX11_MODE 1
+#else
+#define NVWA_CXX11_MODE 0
+#endif
+
+
+/* Feature checks */
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_CXX11_ATOMIC)
+#if NVWA_CXX11_MODE && \
+    ((__has_include(<atomic>) && !defined(__MINGW32__)) || \
+     (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1700) || \
+     (((defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 405) || \
+       defined(__clang__)) && \
+      (!defined(__MINGW32__) || defined(_POSIX_THREADS))))
+// Note: MinGW GCC, unless built with POSIX threads (as in
+//       MinGW-builds), does not support atomics as of 4.8.
+#define HAVE_CXX11_ATOMIC 1
+#else
+#define HAVE_CXX11_ATOMIC 0
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_CXX11_AUTO_TYPE)
+#if NVWA_CXX11_MODE && \
+    (__has_feature(cxx_auto_type) || \
+     (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1600) || \
+     (defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 404))
+#define HAVE_CXX11_AUTO_TYPE 1
+#else
+#define HAVE_CXX11_AUTO_TYPE 0
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_CXX11_DELETED_FUNCTION)
+#if NVWA_CXX11_MODE && \
+    (__has_feature(cxx_deleted_functions) || \
+     (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1800) || \
+     (defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 404))
+#define HAVE_CXX11_DELETED_FUNCTION 1
+#else
+#define HAVE_CXX11_DELETED_FUNCTION 0
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_CXX11_EXPLICIT_CONVERSION)
+#if NVWA_CXX11_MODE && \
+    (__has_feature(cxx_explicit_conversions) || \
+     (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1900) || \
+     (defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 405))
+#define HAVE_CXX11_EXPLICIT_CONVERSION 1
+#else
+#define HAVE_CXX11_EXPLICIT_CONVERSION 0
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_CXX11_FINAL)
+#if NVWA_CXX11_MODE && \
+    (__has_feature(cxx_override_control) || \
+     (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1700) || \
+     (defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 407))
+#define HAVE_CXX11_FINAL 1
+#else
+#define HAVE_CXX11_FINAL 0
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_CXX11_FUTURE)
+#if NVWA_CXX11_MODE && \
+    ((__has_include(<future>) && !defined(__MINGW32__)) || \
+     (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1700) || \
+     (((defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 405) || \
+       defined(__clang__)) && \
+      (!defined(__MINGW32__) || defined(_POSIX_THREADS))))
+// Note: MinGW GCC, unless built with POSIX threads (as in
+//       MinGW-builds), does not support futures as of 4.8.
+#define HAVE_CXX11_FUTURE 1
+#else
+#define HAVE_CXX11_FUTURE 0
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_CXX11_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZER)
+#if NVWA_CXX11_MODE && \
+    (__has_feature(cxx_generalized_initializers) || \
+     (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1800) || \
+     (defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 404))
+#define HAVE_CXX11_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZER 1
+#else
+#define HAVE_CXX11_GENERALIZED_INITIALIZER 0
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_CXX11_LAMBDA)
+#if NVWA_CXX11_MODE && \
+    (__has_feature(cxx_lambdas) || \
+     (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1600) || \
+     (defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 405))
+#define HAVE_CXX11_LAMBDA 1
+#else
+#define HAVE_CXX11_LAMBDA 0
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_CXX11_MUTEX)
+#if NVWA_CXX11_MODE && \
+    ((__has_include(<mutex>) && !defined(__MINGW32__)) || \
+     (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1700) || \
+     (((defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 403) || \
+       defined(__clang__)) && \
+      (!defined(__MINGW32__) || defined(_POSIX_THREADS))))
+// Note: MinGW GCC, unless built with POSIX threads (as in
+//       MinGW-builds), does not support std::mutex as of 4.8.
+#define HAVE_CXX11_MUTEX 1
+#else
+#define HAVE_CXX11_MUTEX 0
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_CXX11_NOEXCEPT)
+#if NVWA_CXX11_MODE && \
+    (__has_feature(cxx_noexcept) || \
+     (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1900) || \
+     (defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 406))
+#define HAVE_CXX11_NOEXCEPT 1
+#else
+#define HAVE_CXX11_NOEXCEPT 0
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_CXX11_NULLPTR)
+#if NVWA_CXX11_MODE && \
+    (__has_feature(cxx_nullptr) || \
+     (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1600) || \
+     (defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 406))
+#define HAVE_CXX11_NULLPTR 1
+#else
+#define HAVE_CXX11_NULLPTR 0
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_CXX11_OVERRIDE)
+#if NVWA_CXX11_MODE && \
+    (__has_feature(cxx_override_control) || \
+     (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1600) || \
+     (defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 407))
+#define HAVE_CXX11_OVERRIDE 1
+#else
+#define HAVE_CXX11_OVERRIDE 0
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_CXX11_RANGE_FOR)
+#if NVWA_CXX11_MODE && \
+    (__has_feature(cxx_range_for) || \
+     (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1700) || \
+     (defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 406))
+#define HAVE_CXX11_RANGE_FOR 1
+#else
+#define HAVE_CXX11_RANGE_FOR 0
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_CXX11_RVALUE_REFERENCE)
+#if NVWA_CXX11_MODE && \
+    (__has_feature(cxx_rvalue_references) || \
+     (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1600) || \
+     (defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 405))
+#define HAVE_CXX11_RVALUE_REFERENCE 1
+#else
+#define HAVE_CXX11_RVALUE_REFERENCE 0
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_CXX11_STATIC_ASSERT)
+#if NVWA_CXX11_MODE && \
+    (__has_feature(cxx_static_assert) || \
+     (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1600) || \
+     (defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 403))
+#define HAVE_CXX11_STATIC_ASSERT 1
+#else
+#define HAVE_CXX11_STATIC_ASSERT 0
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_CXX11_THREAD)
+#if NVWA_CXX11_MODE && \
+    ((__has_include(<thread>) && !defined(__MINGW32__)) || \
+     (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1700) || \
+     (((defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 404) || \
+       defined(__clang__)) && \
+      (!defined(__MINGW32__) || defined(_POSIX_THREADS))))
+// Note: MinGW GCC, unless built with POSIX threads (as in
+//       MinGW-builds), does not support std::thread as of 4.8.
+#define HAVE_CXX11_THREAD 1
+#else
+#define HAVE_CXX11_THREAD 0
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_CXX11_THREAD_LOCAL)
+#if NVWA_CXX11_MODE && \
+    (__has_feature(cxx_thread_local) || \
+     (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1900) || \
+     (defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 408))
+#define HAVE_CXX11_THREAD_LOCAL 1
+#else
+#define HAVE_CXX11_THREAD_LOCAL 0
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_CXX11_TYPE_TRAITS)
+#if NVWA_CXX11_MODE && \
+    (__has_include(<type_traits>) || \
+     (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1600) || \
+     (defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 403))
+#define HAVE_CXX11_TYPE_TRAITS 1
+#else
+#define HAVE_CXX11_TYPE_TRAITS 0
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_CXX11_UNICODE_LITERAL)
+#if NVWA_CXX11_MODE && \
+    (__has_feature(cxx_unicode_literals) || \
+     (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1900) || \
+     (defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 405))
+#define HAVE_CXX11_UNICODE_LITERAL 1
+#else
+#define HAVE_CXX11_UNICODE_LITERAL 0
+#endif
+#endif
+
+
+/* Workarounds */
+
+#if HAVE_CXX11_DELETED_FUNCTION
+#define _DELETED = delete
+#else
+#define _DELETED
+#endif
+
+#if HAVE_CXX11_FINAL
+#define _FINAL final
+#else
+#define _FINAL
+#endif
+
+#if HAVE_CXX11_OVERRIDE
+#define _OVERRIDE override
+#else
+#define _OVERRIDE
+#endif
+
+#if HAVE_CXX11_NOEXCEPT
+#define _NOEXCEPT noexcept
+#define _NOEXCEPT_(x) noexcept(x)
+#else
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#define _NOEXCEPT throw ()
+#else
+#define _NOEXCEPT throw()
+#endif
+#define _NOEXCEPT_(x)
+#endif
+
+#if HAVE_CXX11_NULLPTR
+#define _NULLPTR nullptr
+#else
+#define _NULLPTR NULL
+#endif
+
+#if HAVE_CXX11_THREAD_LOCAL
+#define _THREAD_LOCAL thread_local
+#else
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#define _THREAD_LOCAL __declspec(thread)
+#else
+#define _THREAD_LOCAL __thread
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#endif // NVWA_CXX11_H
diff --git a/src/debug/nvwa/debug_new.cpp b/src/debug/nvwa/debug_new.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1a59353a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/debug/nvwa/debug_new.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,1197 @@
+// -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; c-basic-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
+// vim:tabstop=4:shiftwidth=4:expandtab:
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2016 Wu Yongwei <adah at users dot sourceforge dot net>
+ *
+ * This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+ * warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any
+ * damages arising from the use of this software.
+ *
+ * Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+ * including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute
+ * it freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+ *
+ * 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must
+ *    not claim that you wrote the original software.  If you use this
+ *    software in a product, an acknowledgement in the product
+ *    documentation would be appreciated but is not required.
+ * 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must
+ *    not be misrepresented as being the original software.
+ * 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source
+ *    distribution.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Stones of Nvwa:
+ *      http://sourceforge.net/projects/nvwa
+ *
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @file  debug_new.cpp
+ *
+ * Implementation of debug versions of new and delete to check leakage.
+ *
+ * @date  2016-10-14
+ */
+
+#include "localconsts.h"
+
+PRAGMACLANG6GCC(GCC diagnostic push)
+PRAGMACLANG6GCC(GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wold-style-cast")
+
+PRAGMA45(GCC diagnostic push)
+PRAGMA45(GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wcast-qual")
+
+#include <new>                  // std::bad_alloc/nothrow_t
+#include <assert.h>             // assert
+#include <stdio.h>              // fprintf/stderr
+#include <stdlib.h>             // abort
+#include <string.h>             // strcpy/strncpy/sprintf
+#include "debug/_nvwa.h"              // NVWA macros
+
+#if NVWA_UNIX
+#include <alloca.h>             // alloca
+#endif
+#if NVWA_WIN32
+#include <malloc.h>             // alloca
+#endif
+
+#if NVWA_LINUX || NVWA_APPLE
+#include <execinfo.h>           // backtrace
+#endif
+
+#if NVWA_WINDOWS
+#ifndef WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#endif
+#include <windows.h>            // CaptureStackBackTrace
+#endif
+
+#include "debug/c++11.h"              // _NOEXCEPT/_NULLPTR
+#include "debug/fast_mutex.h"         // nvwa::fast_mutex
+#include "debug/static_assert.h"      // STATIC_ASSERT
+
+#undef  _DEBUG_NEW_EMULATE_MALLOC
+#undef  _DEBUG_NEW_REDEFINE_NEW
+/**
+ * Macro to indicate whether redefinition of \c new is wanted.  Here it
+ * is defined to \c 0 to disable the redefinition of \c new.
+ */
+#define _DEBUG_NEW_REDEFINE_NEW 0
+#include "debug/nvwa/debug_new.h"
+
+#if !_FAST_MUTEX_CHECK_INITIALIZATION && !defined(_NOTHREADS)
+#error "_FAST_MUTEX_CHECK_INITIALIZATION not set: check_leaks may not work"
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @def _DEBUG_NEW_ALIGNMENT
+ *
+ * The alignment requirement of allocated memory blocks.  It must be a
+ * power of two.
+ */
+#ifndef _DEBUG_NEW_ALIGNMENT
+#define _DEBUG_NEW_ALIGNMENT 16
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @def _DEBUG_NEW_CALLER_ADDRESS
+ *
+ * The expression to return the caller address.  nvwa#print_position will
+ * later on use this address to print the position information of memory
+ * operation points.
+ */
+#ifndef _DEBUG_NEW_CALLER_ADDRESS
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+#define _DEBUG_NEW_CALLER_ADDRESS __builtin_return_address(0)
+#else
+#define _DEBUG_NEW_CALLER_ADDRESS _NULLPTR
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @def _DEBUG_NEW_ERROR_ACTION
+ *
+ * The action to take when an error occurs.  The default behaviour is to
+ * call \e abort, unless \c _DEBUG_NEW_ERROR_CRASH is defined, in which
+ * case a segmentation fault will be triggered instead (which can be
+ * useful on platforms like Windows that do not generate a core dump
+ * when \e abort is called).
+ */
+#ifndef _DEBUG_NEW_ERROR_ACTION
+#ifndef _DEBUG_NEW_ERROR_CRASH
+#define _DEBUG_NEW_ERROR_ACTION abort()
+#else
+#define _DEBUG_NEW_ERROR_ACTION do { *((char*)0) = 0; abort(); } while (0)
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @def _DEBUG_NEW_FILENAME_LEN
+ *
+ * The length of file name stored if greater than zero.  If it is zero,
+ * only a const char pointer will be stored.  Currently the default
+ * value is non-zero (thus to copy the file name) on non-Windows
+ * platforms, because I once found that the exit leakage check could not
+ * access the address of the file name on Linux (in my case, a core dump
+ * occurred when check_leaks tried to access the file name in a shared
+ * library after a \c SIGINT).  This value makes the size of
+ * new_ptr_list_t \c 64 on non-Windows 32-bit platforms (w/o stack
+ * backtrace).
+ */
+#ifndef _DEBUG_NEW_FILENAME_LEN
+#if NVWA_WINDOWS
+#define _DEBUG_NEW_FILENAME_LEN 0
+#else
+#define _DEBUG_NEW_FILENAME_LEN 44
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @def _DEBUG_NEW_PROGNAME
+ *
+ * The program (executable) name to be set at compile time.  It is
+ * better to assign the full program path to nvwa#new_progname in \e main
+ * (at run time) than to use this (compile-time) macro, but this macro
+ * serves well as a quick hack.  Note also that double quotation marks
+ * need to be used around the program name, i.e., one should specify a
+ * command-line option like <code>-D_DEBUG_NEW_PROGNAME=\\"a.out\"</code>
+ * in \e bash, or <code>-D_DEBUG_NEW_PROGNAME=\\"a.exe\"</code> in the
+ * Windows command prompt.
+ */
+#ifndef _DEBUG_NEW_PROGNAME
+#define _DEBUG_NEW_PROGNAME _NULLPTR
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @def _DEBUG_NEW_REMEMBER_STACK_TRACE
+ *
+ * Macro to indicate whether stack traces of allocations should be
+ * included in NVWA allocation information and be printed while leaks
+ * are reported.  Useful to pinpoint leaks caused by strdup and other
+ * custom allocation functions.  It is also very helpful in filtering
+ * out false positives caused by internal STL/C runtime operations.  It
+ * is off by default because it is quite memory heavy.  Set it to \c 1
+ * to make all allocations have stack trace attached, or set to \c 2 to
+ * make only allocations that lack calling source code information (file
+ * and line) have the stack trace attached.
+ */
+#ifndef _DEBUG_NEW_REMEMBER_STACK_TRACE
+#define _DEBUG_NEW_REMEMBER_STACK_TRACE 0
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @def _DEBUG_NEW_STD_OPER_NEW
+ *
+ * Macro to indicate whether the standard-conformant behaviour of
+ * <code>operator new</code> is wanted.  It is on by default now, but
+ * the user may set it to \c 0 to revert to the old behaviour.
+ */
+#ifndef _DEBUG_NEW_STD_OPER_NEW
+#define _DEBUG_NEW_STD_OPER_NEW 1
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @def _DEBUG_NEW_TAILCHECK
+ *
+ * Macro to indicate whether a writing-past-end check will be performed.
+ * Define it to a positive integer as the number of padding bytes at the
+ * end of a memory block for checking.
+ */
+#ifndef _DEBUG_NEW_TAILCHECK
+#define _DEBUG_NEW_TAILCHECK 0
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @def _DEBUG_NEW_TAILCHECK_CHAR
+ *
+ * Value of the padding bytes at the end of a memory block.
+ */
+//#ifndef _DEBUG_NEW_TAILCHECK_CHAR
+//#define _DEBUG_NEW_TAILCHECK_CHAR 0xCC
+//#endif
+
+/**
+ * @def _DEBUG_NEW_USE_ADDR2LINE
+ *
+ * Whether to use \e addr2line to convert a caller address to file/line
+ * information.  Defining it to a non-zero value will enable the
+ * conversion (automatically done if GCC is detected).  Defining it to
+ * zero will disable the conversion.
+ */
+#ifndef _DEBUG_NEW_USE_ADDR2LINE
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+#define _DEBUG_NEW_USE_ADDR2LINE 1
+#else
+#define _DEBUG_NEW_USE_ADDR2LINE 0
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#pragma warning(disable: 4074)  // #pragma init_seg(compiler) used
+#pragma warning(disable: 4290)  // C++ exception specification ignored
+#if _MSC_VER >= 1400            // Visual Studio 2005 or later
+#pragma warning(disable: 4996)  // Use the `unsafe' strncpy
+#endif
+#pragma init_seg(compiler)
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Gets the aligned value of memory block size.
+ */
+#define ALIGN(s) \
+        (((s) + _DEBUG_NEW_ALIGNMENT - 1) & ~(_DEBUG_NEW_ALIGNMENT - 1))
+
+NVWA_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+/**
+ * The platform memory alignment.  The current value works well in
+ * platforms I have tested: Windows XP, Windows 7 x64, and Mac OS X
+ * Leopard.  It may be smaller than the real alignment, but must be
+ * bigger than \c sizeof(size_t) for it work.  nvwa#debug_new_recorder
+ * uses it to detect misaligned pointer returned by `<code>new
+ * NonPODType[size]</code>'.
+ */
+const size_t PLATFORM_MEM_ALIGNMENT = sizeof(size_t) * 2;
+
+/**
+ * Structure to store the position information where \c new occurs.
+ */
+struct new_ptr_list_t
+{
+    new_ptr_list_t* next;       ///< Pointer to the next memory block
+    new_ptr_list_t* prev;       ///< Pointer to the previous memory block
+    size_t          size;       ///< Size of the memory block
+    union
+    {
+#if _DEBUG_NEW_FILENAME_LEN == 0
+    const char*     file;       ///< Pointer to the file name of the caller
+#else
+    char            file[_DEBUG_NEW_FILENAME_LEN]; ///< File name of the caller
+#endif
+    void*           addr;       ///< Address of the caller to \e new
+    };
+    unsigned        line   :31; ///< Line number of the caller; or \c 0
+    unsigned        is_array:1; ///< Non-zero iff <em>new[]</em> is used
+#if _DEBUG_NEW_REMEMBER_STACK_TRACE
+    void**          stacktrace; ///< Pointer to stack trace information
+#endif
+    unsigned        magic;      ///< Magic number for error detection
+};
+
+/**
+ * Definition of the constant magic number used for error detection.
+ */
+static const unsigned DEBUG_NEW_MAGIC = 0x4442474E;
+
+/**
+ * The extra memory allocated by <code>operator new</code>.
+ */
+static const int ALIGNED_LIST_ITEM_SIZE = ALIGN(sizeof(new_ptr_list_t));
+
+/**
+ * List of all new'd pointers.
+ */
+static new_ptr_list_t new_ptr_list = {
+    &new_ptr_list,
+    &new_ptr_list,
+    0,
+    {
+#if _DEBUG_NEW_FILENAME_LEN == 0
+        _NULLPTR
+#else
+        ""
+#endif
+    },
+    0,
+    0,
+#if _DEBUG_NEW_REMEMBER_STACK_TRACE
+    _NULLPTR,
+#endif
+    DEBUG_NEW_MAGIC
+};
+
+/**
+ * The mutex guard to protect simultaneous access to the pointer list.
+ */
+static fast_mutex new_ptr_lock;
+
+/**
+ * The mutex guard to protect simultaneous output to #new_output_fp.
+ */
+static fast_mutex new_output_lock;
+
+/**
+ * Total memory allocated in bytes.
+ */
+static size_t total_mem_alloc = 0;
+
+/**
+ * Flag to control whether nvwa#check_leaks will be automatically called
+ * on program exit.
+ */
+bool new_autocheck_flag = true;
+
+/**
+ * Flag to control whether verbose messages are output.
+ */
+bool new_verbose_flag = false;
+
+/**
+ * Pointer to the output stream.  The default output is \e stderr, and
+ * one may change it to a user stream if needed (say, #new_verbose_flag
+ * is \c true and there are a lot of (de)allocations).
+ */
+FILE* new_output_fp = stderr;
+
+/**
+ * Pointer to the program name.  Its initial value is the macro
+ * #_DEBUG_NEW_PROGNAME.  You should try to assign the program path to
+ * it early in your application.  Assigning <code>argv[0]</code> to it
+ * in \e main is one way.  If you use \e bash or \e ksh (or similar),
+ * the following statement is probably what you want:
+ * `<code>new_progname = getenv("_");</code>'.
+ */
+const char* new_progname = _DEBUG_NEW_PROGNAME;
+
+/**
+ * Pointer to the callback used to print the stack backtrace in case of
+ * a memory problem.  A null value causes the default stack trace
+ * printing routine to be used.
+ */
+stacktrace_print_callback_t stacktrace_print_callback = _NULLPTR;
+
+/**
+ * Pointer to the callback used to filter out false positives from leak
+ * reports.  A null value means the lack of filtering.
+ */
+leak_whitelist_callback_t leak_whitelist_callback = _NULLPTR;
+
+#if _DEBUG_NEW_USE_ADDR2LINE
+/**
+ * Tries printing the position information from an instruction address.
+ * This is the version that uses \e addr2line.
+ *
+ * @param addr  the instruction address to convert and print
+ * @return      \c true if the address is converted successfully (and
+ *              the result is printed); \c false if no useful
+ *              information is got (and nothing is printed)
+ */
+static bool print_position_from_addr(const void* addr)
+{
+    static const void* last_addr = _NULLPTR;
+    static char last_info[256] = "";
+    if (addr == last_addr)
+    {
+        if (last_info[0] == '\0')
+            return false;
+        fprintf(new_output_fp, "%s", last_info);
+        return true;
+    }
+    if (new_progname)
+    {
+#if NVWA_APPLE
+        const char addr2line_cmd[] = "atos -o ";
+#else
+        const char addr2line_cmd[] = "addr2line -e ";
+#endif
+
+#if NVWA_WINDOWS
+        const int  exeext_len = 4;
+#else
+        const int  exeext_len = 0;
+#endif
+
+#if NVWA_UNIX && !NVWA_CYGWIN
+        const char ignore_err[] = " 2>/dev/null";
+#elif NVWA_CYGWIN || \
+        (NVWA_WIN32 && defined(WINVER) && WINVER >= 0x0500)
+        const char ignore_err[] = " 2>nul";
+#else
+        const char ignore_err[] = "";
+#endif
+        char* cmd = (char*)alloca(strlen(new_progname)
+                                  + exeext_len
+                                  + sizeof addr2line_cmd - 1
+                                  + sizeof ignore_err - 1
+                                  + sizeof(void*) * 2
+                                  + 4 /* SP + "0x" + null */);
+        strcpy(cmd, addr2line_cmd);
+        strcpy(cmd + sizeof addr2line_cmd - 1, new_progname);
+        size_t len = strlen(cmd);
+#if NVWA_WINDOWS
+        if (len <= 4
+                || (strcmp(cmd + len - 4, ".exe") != 0 &&
+                    strcmp(cmd + len - 4, ".EXE") != 0))
+        {
+            strcpy(cmd + len, ".exe");
+            len += 4;
+        }
+#endif
+        sprintf(cmd + len, " %p%s", addr, ignore_err);
+        FILE* fp = popen(cmd, "r");
+        if (fp)
+        {
+            char buffer[sizeof last_info] = "";
+            len = 0;
+            if (fgets(buffer, sizeof buffer, fp))
+            {
+                len = strlen(buffer);
+                if (buffer[len - 1] == '\n')
+                    buffer[--len] = '\0';
+            }
+            int res = pclose(fp);
+            // Display the file/line information only if the command
+            // is executed successfully and the output points to a
+            // valid position, but the result will be cached if only
+            // the command is executed successfully.
+            if (res == 0 && len > 0)
+            {
+                last_addr = addr;
+                if (buffer[len - 1] == '0' && buffer[len - 2] == ':')
+                    last_info[0] = '\0';
+                else
+                {
+                    fprintf(new_output_fp, "%s", buffer);
+                    strcpy(last_info, buffer);
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+#else
+/**
+ * Tries printing the position information from an instruction address.
+ * This is the stub version that does nothing at all.
+ *
+ * @return      \c false always
+ */
+static bool print_position_from_addr(const void*)
+{
+    return false;
+}
+#endif // _DEBUG_NEW_USE_ADDR2LINE
+
+/**
+ * Prints the position information of a memory operation point.  When \c
+ * _DEBUG_NEW_USE_ADDR2LINE is defined to a non-zero value, this
+ * function will try to convert a given caller address to file/line
+ * information with \e addr2line.
+ *
+ * @param ptr   source file name if \e line is non-zero; caller address
+ *              otherwise
+ * @param line  source line number if non-zero; indication that \e ptr
+ *              is the caller address otherwise
+ */
+static void print_position(const void* ptr, int line)
+{
+    if (line != 0)             // Is file/line information present?
+    {
+        fprintf(new_output_fp, "%s:%d", (const char*)ptr, line);
+    }
+    else if (ptr != _NULLPTR)  // Is caller address present?
+    {
+        if (!print_position_from_addr(ptr)) // Fail to get source position?
+            fprintf(new_output_fp, "%p", ptr);
+    }
+    else                       // No information is present
+    {
+        fprintf(new_output_fp, "<Unknown>");
+    }
+}
+
+#if _DEBUG_NEW_REMEMBER_STACK_TRACE
+/**
+ * Prints the stack backtrace.
+ *
+ * When nvwa#stacktrace_print_callback is not null, it is used for
+ * printing the stacktrace items.  Default implementation of call stack
+ * printing is very spartan&mdash;only stack frame pointers are
+ * printed&mdash;but even that output is still useful.  Just do address
+ * lookup in LLDB etc.
+ *
+ * @param stacktrace  pointer to the stack trace array
+ */
+static void print_stacktrace(void** stacktrace)
+{
+     if (stacktrace_print_callback == _NULLPTR)
+     {
+         fprintf(new_output_fp, "Stack backtrace:\n");
+         for (size_t i = 0; stacktrace[i] != _NULLPTR; ++i)
+             fprintf(new_output_fp, "%p\n", stacktrace[i]);
+     }
+     else
+     {
+         stacktrace_print_callback(new_output_fp, stacktrace);
+     }
+}
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Checks whether a leak should be ignored.  Its runtime performance
+ * depends on the callback nvwa#leak_whitelist_callback.
+ *
+ * @param ptr  pointer to a new_ptr_list_t struct
+ * @return     \c true if the leak should be whitelisted; \c false
+ *             otherwise
+ */
+static bool is_leak_whitelisted(new_ptr_list_t* ptr)
+{
+    if (leak_whitelist_callback == _NULLPTR)
+        return false;
+
+    char const* file = ptr->line != 0 ? ptr->file : _NULLPTR;
+    int line = ptr->line;
+    void* addr = ptr->line == 0 ? ptr->addr : _NULLPTR;
+#if _DEBUG_NEW_REMEMBER_STACK_TRACE
+    void** stacktrace = ptr->stacktrace;
+#else
+    void** stacktrace = _NULLPTR;
+#endif
+
+    return leak_whitelist_callback(file, line, addr, stacktrace);
+}
+
+#if _DEBUG_NEW_TAILCHECK
+/**
+ * Checks whether the padding bytes at the end of a memory block is
+ * tampered with.
+ *
+ * @param ptr  pointer to a new_ptr_list_t struct
+ * @return     \c true if the padding bytes are untouched; \c false
+ *             otherwise
+ */
+static bool check_tail(new_ptr_list_t* ptr)
+{
+    const unsigned char* const tail_ptr = (unsigned char*)ptr +
+                            ALIGNED_LIST_ITEM_SIZE + ptr->size;
+    for (int i = 0; i < _DEBUG_NEW_TAILCHECK; ++i)
+        if (tail_ptr[i] != _DEBUG_NEW_TAILCHECK_CHAR)
+            return false;
+    return true;
+}
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Allocates memory and initializes control data.
+ *
+ * @param size      size of the required memory block
+ * @param file      null-terminated string of the file name
+ * @param line      line number
+ * @param is_array  boolean value whether this is an array operation
+ * @return          pointer to the user-requested memory area; null if
+ *                  memory allocation is not successful
+ */
+static void* alloc_mem(size_t size, const char* file, int line, bool is_array)
+{
+    assert(line >= 0);
+#if _DEBUG_NEW_TYPE == 1
+    STATIC_ASSERT(_DEBUG_NEW_ALIGNMENT >= PLATFORM_MEM_ALIGNMENT,
+                  Alignment_too_small);
+#endif
+    STATIC_ASSERT((_DEBUG_NEW_ALIGNMENT & (_DEBUG_NEW_ALIGNMENT - 1)) == 0,
+                  Alignment_must_be_power_of_two);
+    STATIC_ASSERT(_DEBUG_NEW_TAILCHECK >= 0, Invalid_tail_check_length);
+    size_t s = size + ALIGNED_LIST_ITEM_SIZE + _DEBUG_NEW_TAILCHECK;
+    new_ptr_list_t* ptr = (new_ptr_list_t*)malloc(s);
+    if (ptr == _NULLPTR)
+    {
+#if _DEBUG_NEW_STD_OPER_NEW
+        return _NULLPTR;
+#else
+        fast_mutex_autolock lock(new_output_lock);
+        fprintf(new_output_fp,
+                "Out of memory when allocating %lu bytes\n",
+                (unsigned long)size);
+        fflush(new_output_fp);
+        _DEBUG_NEW_ERROR_ACTION;
+#endif
+    }
+    void* usr_ptr = (char*)ptr + ALIGNED_LIST_ITEM_SIZE;
+#if _DEBUG_NEW_FILENAME_LEN == 0
+    ptr->file = file;
+#else
+    if (line)
+        strncpy(ptr->file, file, _DEBUG_NEW_FILENAME_LEN - 1)
+                [_DEBUG_NEW_FILENAME_LEN - 1] = '\0';
+    else
+        ptr->addr = (void*)file;
+#endif
+    ptr->line = line;
+#if _DEBUG_NEW_REMEMBER_STACK_TRACE
+    ptr->stacktrace = _NULLPTR;
+
+#if _DEBUG_NEW_REMEMBER_STACK_TRACE == 2
+    if (line == 0)
+#endif
+    {
+        void* buffer [255];
+        size_t buffer_length = sizeof(buffer) / sizeof(*buffer);
+
+#if NVWA_UNIX
+        int stacktrace_length = backtrace(buffer, int(buffer_length));
+#endif
+
+#if NVWA_WINDOWS
+        USHORT stacktrace_length = CaptureStackBackTrace(
+            0, DWORD(buffer_length), buffer, _NULLPTR);
+#endif
+
+        size_t stacktrace_size = stacktrace_length * sizeof(void*);
+        ptr->stacktrace = (void**)malloc(stacktrace_size + sizeof(void*));
+
+        if (ptr->stacktrace != _NULLPTR)
+        {
+            memcpy(ptr->stacktrace, buffer, stacktrace_size);
+            ptr->stacktrace[stacktrace_length] = _NULLPTR;
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+    ptr->is_array = is_array;
+    ptr->size = size;
+    ptr->magic = DEBUG_NEW_MAGIC;
+    {
+        fast_mutex_autolock lock(new_ptr_lock);
+        ptr->prev = new_ptr_list.prev;
+        ptr->next = &new_ptr_list;
+        new_ptr_list.prev->next = ptr;
+        new_ptr_list.prev = ptr;
+    }
+#if _DEBUG_NEW_TAILCHECK
+    memset((char*)usr_ptr + size, _DEBUG_NEW_TAILCHECK_CHAR,
+                                  _DEBUG_NEW_TAILCHECK);
+#endif
+    if (new_verbose_flag)
+    {
+        fast_mutex_autolock lock(new_output_lock);
+        fprintf(new_output_fp,
+                "new%s: allocated %p (size %lu, ",
+                is_array ? "[]" : "",
+                usr_ptr, (unsigned long)size);
+        if (line != 0)
+            print_position(ptr->file, ptr->line);
+        else
+            print_position(ptr->addr, ptr->line);
+        fprintf(new_output_fp, ")\n");
+    }
+    total_mem_alloc += size;
+    return usr_ptr;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Frees memory and adjusts pointers.
+ *
+ * @param usr_ptr   pointer to the previously allocated memory
+ * @param addr      pointer to the caller
+ * @param is_array  flag indicating whether it is invoked by a
+ *                  <code>delete[]</code> call
+ */
+static void free_pointer(void* usr_ptr, void* addr, bool is_array)
+{
+    if (usr_ptr == _NULLPTR)
+        return;
+    new_ptr_list_t* ptr =
+            (new_ptr_list_t*)((char*)usr_ptr - ALIGNED_LIST_ITEM_SIZE);
+    if (ptr->magic != DEBUG_NEW_MAGIC)
+    {
+        {
+            fast_mutex_autolock lock(new_output_lock);
+            fprintf(new_output_fp, "delete%s: invalid pointer %p (",
+                    is_array ? "[]" : "", usr_ptr);
+            print_position(addr, 0);
+            fprintf(new_output_fp, ")\n");
+        }
+        check_mem_corruption();
+        fflush(new_output_fp);
+        _DEBUG_NEW_ERROR_ACTION;
+    }
+    if (is_array != ptr->is_array)
+    {
+        const char* msg;
+        if (is_array)
+            msg = "delete[] after new";
+        else
+            msg = "delete after new[]";
+        fast_mutex_autolock lock(new_output_lock);
+        fprintf(new_output_fp,
+                "%s: pointer %p (size %lu)\n\tat ",
+                msg,
+                (char*)ptr + ALIGNED_LIST_ITEM_SIZE,
+                (unsigned long)ptr->size);
+        print_position(addr, 0);
+        fprintf(new_output_fp, "\n\toriginally allocated at ");
+        if (ptr->line != 0)
+            print_position(ptr->file, ptr->line);
+        else
+            print_position(ptr->addr, ptr->line);
+        fprintf(new_output_fp, "\n");
+        fflush(new_output_fp);
+        _DEBUG_NEW_ERROR_ACTION;
+    }
+#if _DEBUG_NEW_TAILCHECK
+    if (!check_tail(ptr))
+    {
+        check_mem_corruption();
+        fflush(new_output_fp);
+        _DEBUG_NEW_ERROR_ACTION;
+    }
+#endif
+    {
+        fast_mutex_autolock lock(new_ptr_lock);
+        total_mem_alloc -= ptr->size;
+        ptr->magic = 0;
+        ptr->prev->next = ptr->next;
+        ptr->next->prev = ptr->prev;
+    }
+    if (new_verbose_flag)
+    {
+        fast_mutex_autolock lock(new_output_lock);
+        fprintf(new_output_fp,
+                "delete%s: freed %p (size %lu, %lu bytes still allocated)\n",
+                is_array ? "[]" : "",
+                (char*)ptr + ALIGNED_LIST_ITEM_SIZE,
+                (unsigned long)ptr->size, (unsigned long)total_mem_alloc);
+    }
+#if _DEBUG_NEW_REMEMBER_STACK_TRACE
+    free(ptr->stacktrace);
+#endif
+    free(ptr);
+    return;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for memory leaks.
+ *
+ * @return  zero if no leakage is found; the number of leaks otherwise
+ */
+int check_leaks()
+{
+    int leak_cnt = 0;
+    int whitelisted_leak_cnt = 0;
+    fast_mutex_autolock lock_ptr(new_ptr_lock);
+    fast_mutex_autolock lock_output(new_output_lock);
+    new_ptr_list_t* ptr = new_ptr_list.next;
+
+    while (ptr != &new_ptr_list)
+    {
+        const char* const usr_ptr = (char*)ptr + ALIGNED_LIST_ITEM_SIZE;
+        if (ptr->magic != DEBUG_NEW_MAGIC)
+        {
+            fprintf(new_output_fp,
+                    "warning: heap data corrupt near %p\n",
+                    usr_ptr);
+        }
+#if _DEBUG_NEW_TAILCHECK
+        if (!check_tail(ptr))
+        {
+            fprintf(new_output_fp,
+                    "warning: overwritten past end of object at %p\n",
+                    usr_ptr);
+        }
+#endif
+
+        if (is_leak_whitelisted(ptr))
+        {
+            ++whitelisted_leak_cnt;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            fprintf(new_output_fp,
+                    "Leaked object at %p (size %lu, ",
+                    usr_ptr,
+                    (unsigned long)ptr->size);
+
+            if (ptr->line != 0)
+                print_position(ptr->file, ptr->line);
+            else
+                print_position(ptr->addr, ptr->line);
+
+            fprintf(new_output_fp, ")\n");
+
+#if _DEBUG_NEW_REMEMBER_STACK_TRACE
+            if (ptr->stacktrace != _NULLPTR)
+                print_stacktrace(ptr->stacktrace);
+#endif
+        }
+
+        ptr = ptr->next;
+        ++leak_cnt;
+    }
+    if (new_verbose_flag || leak_cnt)
+    {
+        if (whitelisted_leak_cnt > 0)
+        {
+            fprintf(new_output_fp, "*** %d leaks found (%d whitelisted)\n",
+                leak_cnt, whitelisted_leak_cnt);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            fprintf(new_output_fp, "*** %d leaks found\n", leak_cnt);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return leak_cnt;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Checks for heap corruption.
+ *
+ * @return  zero if no problem is found; the number of found memory
+ *          corruptions otherwise
+ */
+int check_mem_corruption()
+{
+    int corrupt_cnt = 0;
+    fast_mutex_autolock lock_ptr(new_ptr_lock);
+    fast_mutex_autolock lock_output(new_output_lock);
+    fprintf(new_output_fp, "*** Checking for memory corruption: START\n");
+    for (new_ptr_list_t* ptr = new_ptr_list.next;
+            ptr != &new_ptr_list;
+            ptr = ptr->next)
+    {
+        const char* const usr_ptr = (char*)ptr + ALIGNED_LIST_ITEM_SIZE;
+        if (ptr->magic == DEBUG_NEW_MAGIC
+#if _DEBUG_NEW_TAILCHECK
+                && check_tail(ptr)
+#endif
+                )
+            continue;
+#if _DEBUG_NEW_TAILCHECK
+        if (ptr->magic != DEBUG_NEW_MAGIC)
+        {
+#endif
+            fprintf(new_output_fp,
+                    "Heap data corrupt near %p (size %lu, ",
+                    usr_ptr,
+                    (unsigned long)ptr->size);
+#if _DEBUG_NEW_TAILCHECK
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            fprintf(new_output_fp,
+                    "Overwritten past end of object at %p (size %lu, ",
+                    usr_ptr,
+                    (unsigned long)ptr->size);
+        }
+#endif
+        if (ptr->line != 0)
+            print_position(ptr->file, ptr->line);
+        else
+            print_position(ptr->addr, ptr->line);
+        fprintf(new_output_fp, ")\n");
+
+#if _DEBUG_NEW_REMEMBER_STACK_TRACE
+        if (ptr->stacktrace != _NULLPTR)
+            print_stacktrace(ptr->stacktrace);
+#endif
+
+        ++corrupt_cnt;
+    }
+    fprintf(new_output_fp, "*** Checking for memory corruption: %d FOUND\n",
+            corrupt_cnt);
+    return corrupt_cnt;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Processes the allocated memory and inserts file/line informatin.
+ * It will only be done when it can ensure the memory is allocated by
+ * one of our operator new variants.
+ *
+ * @param usr_ptr  pointer returned by a new-expression
+ */
+void debug_new_recorder::_M_process(void* usr_ptr)
+{
+    if (usr_ptr == _NULLPTR)
+        return;
+
+    // In an expression `new NonPODType[size]', the pointer returned is
+    // not the pointer returned by operator new[], but offset by size_t
+    // to leave room for the size.  It needs to be compensated here.
+    size_t offset = (char*)usr_ptr - (char*)_NULLPTR;
+    if (offset % PLATFORM_MEM_ALIGNMENT != 0) {
+        offset -= sizeof(size_t);
+        if (offset % PLATFORM_MEM_ALIGNMENT != 0) {
+            fast_mutex_autolock lock(new_output_lock);
+            fprintf(new_output_fp,
+                    "warning: memory unaligned; skipping processing (%s:%d)\n",
+                    _M_file, _M_line);
+            return;
+        }
+        usr_ptr = (char*)usr_ptr - sizeof(size_t);
+    }
+
+    new_ptr_list_t* ptr =
+            (new_ptr_list_t*)((char*)usr_ptr - ALIGNED_LIST_ITEM_SIZE);
+    if (ptr->magic != DEBUG_NEW_MAGIC || ptr->line != 0)
+    {
+        fast_mutex_autolock lock(new_output_lock);
+        fprintf(new_output_fp,
+                "warning: debug_new used with placement new (%s:%d)\n",
+                _M_file, _M_line);
+        return;
+    }
+    if (new_verbose_flag) {
+        fast_mutex_autolock lock(new_output_lock);
+        fprintf(new_output_fp,
+                "info: pointer %p allocated from %s:%d\n",
+                usr_ptr, _M_file, _M_line);
+    }
+#if _DEBUG_NEW_FILENAME_LEN == 0
+    ptr->file = _M_file;
+#else
+    strncpy(ptr->file, _M_file, _DEBUG_NEW_FILENAME_LEN - 1)
+            [_DEBUG_NEW_FILENAME_LEN - 1] = '\0';
+#endif
+    ptr->line = _M_line;
+#if _DEBUG_NEW_REMEMBER_STACK_TRACE == 2
+    free(ptr->stacktrace);
+    ptr->stacktrace = _NULLPTR;
+#endif
+}
+
+/**
+ * Count of source files that use debug_new.
+ */
+int debug_new_counter::_S_count = 0;
+
+/**
+ * Constructor to increment the count.
+ */
+debug_new_counter::debug_new_counter()
+{
+    ++_S_count;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Destructor to decrement the count.  When the count is zero,
+ * nvwa#check_leaks will be called.
+ */
+debug_new_counter::~debug_new_counter()
+{
+    if (--_S_count == 0 && new_autocheck_flag)
+        if (check_leaks())
+        {
+            new_verbose_flag = true;
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ == 3
+            if (!getenv("GLIBCPP_FORCE_NEW") && !getenv("GLIBCXX_FORCE_NEW"))
+                fprintf(new_output_fp,
+"*** WARNING:  GCC 3 is detected, please make sure the environment\n"
+"    variable GLIBCPP_FORCE_NEW (GCC 3.2 and 3.3) or GLIBCXX_FORCE_NEW\n"
+"    (GCC 3.4) is defined.  Check the README file for details.\n");
+#endif
+        }
+}
+
+NVWA_NAMESPACE_END
+
+#if NVWA_USE_NAMESPACE
+using namespace nvwa;
+#endif // NVWA_USE_NAMESPACE
+
+/**
+ * Allocates memory with file/line information.
+ *
+ * @param size  size of the required memory block
+ * @param file  null-terminated string of the file name
+ * @param line  line number
+ * @return      pointer to the memory allocated; or null if memory is
+ *              insufficient (#_DEBUG_NEW_STD_OPER_NEW is 0)
+ * @throw bad_alloc memory is insufficient (#_DEBUG_NEW_STD_OPER_NEW is 1)
+ */
+void* operator new(size_t size, const char* file, int line)
+{
+    void* ptr = alloc_mem(size, file, line, false);
+#if _DEBUG_NEW_STD_OPER_NEW
+    if (ptr)
+        return ptr;
+    else
+        throw std::bad_alloc();
+#else
+    return ptr;
+#endif
+}
+
+/**
+ * Allocates array memory with file/line information.
+ *
+ * @param size  size of the required memory block
+ * @param file  null-terminated string of the file name
+ * @param line  line number
+ * @return      pointer to the memory allocated; or null if memory is
+ *              insufficient (#_DEBUG_NEW_STD_OPER_NEW is 0)
+ * @throw bad_alloc memory is insufficient (#_DEBUG_NEW_STD_OPER_NEW is 1)
+ */
+void* operator new[](size_t size, const char* file, int line)
+{
+    void* ptr = alloc_mem(size, file, line, true);
+#if _DEBUG_NEW_STD_OPER_NEW
+    if (ptr)
+        return ptr;
+    else
+        throw std::bad_alloc();
+#else
+    return ptr;
+#endif
+}
+
+/**
+ * Allocates memory without file/line information.
+ *
+ * @param size  size of the required memory block
+ * @return      pointer to the memory allocated; or null if memory is
+ *              insufficient (#_DEBUG_NEW_STD_OPER_NEW is 0)
+ * @throw bad_alloc memory is insufficient (#_DEBUG_NEW_STD_OPER_NEW is 1)
+ */
+void* operator new(size_t size)
+{
+    return operator new(size, (char*)_DEBUG_NEW_CALLER_ADDRESS, 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Allocates array memory without file/line information.
+ *
+ * @param size  size of the required memory block
+ * @return      pointer to the memory allocated; or null if memory is
+ *              insufficient (#_DEBUG_NEW_STD_OPER_NEW is 0)
+ * @throw bad_alloc memory is insufficient (#_DEBUG_NEW_STD_OPER_NEW is 1)
+ */
+void* operator new[](size_t size)
+{
+    return operator new[](size, (char*)_DEBUG_NEW_CALLER_ADDRESS, 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Allocates memory with no-throw guarantee.
+ *
+ * @param size  size of the required memory block
+ * @return      pointer to the memory allocated; or null if memory is
+ *              insufficient
+ */
+void* operator new(size_t size, const std::nothrow_t&) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return alloc_mem(size, (char*)_DEBUG_NEW_CALLER_ADDRESS, 0, false);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Allocates array memory with no-throw guarantee.
+ *
+ * @param size  size of the required memory block
+ * @return      pointer to the memory allocated; or null if memory is
+ *              insufficient
+ */
+void* operator new[](size_t size, const std::nothrow_t&) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return alloc_mem(size, (char*)_DEBUG_NEW_CALLER_ADDRESS, 0, true);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Deallocates memory.
+ *
+ * @param ptr  pointer to the previously allocated memory
+ */
+void operator delete(void* ptr) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    free_pointer(ptr, _DEBUG_NEW_CALLER_ADDRESS, false);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Deallocates array memory.
+ *
+ * @param ptr  pointer to the previously allocated memory
+ */
+void operator delete[](void* ptr) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    free_pointer(ptr, _DEBUG_NEW_CALLER_ADDRESS, true);
+}
+
+#if __cplusplus >= 201402L
+// GCC under C++14 wants these definitions
+
+void operator delete(void* ptr, size_t) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    free_pointer(ptr, _DEBUG_NEW_CALLER_ADDRESS, false);
+}
+
+void operator delete[](void* ptr, size_t) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    free_pointer(ptr, _DEBUG_NEW_CALLER_ADDRESS, true);
+}
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Placement deallocation function.  For details, please check Section
+ * 5.3.4 of the C++ 1998 or 2011 Standard.
+ *
+ * @param ptr   pointer to the previously allocated memory
+ * @param file  null-terminated string of the file name
+ * @param line  line number
+ *
+ * @see   http://www.csci.csusb.edu/dick/c++std/cd2/expr.html#expr.new
+ * @see   http://wyw.dcweb.cn/leakage.htm
+ */
+void operator delete(void* ptr, const char* file, int line) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (new_verbose_flag)
+    {
+        fast_mutex_autolock lock(new_output_lock);
+        fprintf(new_output_fp,
+                "info: exception thrown on initializing object at %p (",
+                ptr);
+        print_position(file, line);
+        fprintf(new_output_fp, ")\n");
+    }
+    operator delete(ptr);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Placement deallocation function.  For details, please check Section
+ * 5.3.4 of the C++ 1998 or 2011 Standard.
+ *
+ * @param ptr   pointer to the previously allocated memory
+ * @param file  null-terminated string of the file name
+ * @param line  line number
+ */
+void operator delete[](void* ptr, const char* file, int line) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (new_verbose_flag)
+    {
+        fast_mutex_autolock lock(new_output_lock);
+        fprintf(new_output_fp,
+                "info: exception thrown on initializing objects at %p (",
+                ptr);
+        print_position(file, line);
+        fprintf(new_output_fp, ")\n");
+    }
+    operator delete[](ptr);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Placement deallocation function.  For details, please check Section
+ * 5.3.4 of the C++ 1998 or 2011 Standard.
+ *
+ * @param ptr  pointer to the previously allocated memory
+ */
+void operator delete(void* ptr, const std::nothrow_t&) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    operator delete(ptr, (char*)_DEBUG_NEW_CALLER_ADDRESS, 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Placement deallocation function.  For details, please check Section
+ * 5.3.4 of the C++ 1998 or 2011 Standard.
+ *
+ * @param ptr  pointer to the previously allocated memory
+ */
+void operator delete[](void* ptr, const std::nothrow_t&) _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    operator delete[](ptr, (char*)_DEBUG_NEW_CALLER_ADDRESS, 0);
+}
+
+// This is to make Doxygen happy
+#undef _DEBUG_NEW_REMEMBER_STACK_TRACE
+//#define _DEBUG_NEW_REMEMBER_STACK_TRACE 0
+
+PRAGMA45(GCC diagnostic pop)
+PRAGMACLANG6GCC(GCC diagnostic pop)
diff --git a/src/debug/nvwa/debug_new.h b/src/debug/nvwa/debug_new.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..50b168c2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/debug/nvwa/debug_new.h
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+// -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; c-basic-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
+// vim:tabstop=4:shiftwidth=4:expandtab:
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2015 Wu Yongwei <adah at users dot sourceforge dot net>
+ *
+ * This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+ * warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any
+ * damages arising from the use of this software.
+ *
+ * Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+ * including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute
+ * it freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+ *
+ * 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must
+ *    not claim that you wrote the original software.  If you use this
+ *    software in a product, an acknowledgement in the product
+ *    documentation would be appreciated but is not required.
+ * 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must
+ *    not be misrepresented as being the original software.
+ * 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source
+ *    distribution.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Stones of Nvwa:
+ *      http://sourceforge.net/projects/nvwa
+ *
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @file  debug_new.h
+ *
+ * Header file for checking leaks caused by unmatched new/delete.
+ *
+ * @date  2015-10-25
+ */
+
+#ifndef NVWA_DEBUG_NEW_H
+#define NVWA_DEBUG_NEW_H
+
+#include <new>                  // size_t/std::bad_alloc
+#include <stdio.h>              // FILE
+#include "debug/nvwa/_nvwa.h"              // NVWA_NAMESPACE_*
+#include "debug/nvwa/c++11.h"              // _NOEXCEPT
+
+/* Special allocation/deallocation functions in the global scope */
+void* operator new(size_t size, const char* file, int line);
+void* operator new[](size_t size, const char* file, int line);
+void operator delete(void* ptr, const char* file, int line) _NOEXCEPT;
+void operator delete[](void* ptr, const char* file, int line) _NOEXCEPT;
+
+NVWA_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+/**
+ * @def _DEBUG_NEW_REDEFINE_NEW
+ *
+ * Macro to indicate whether redefinition of \c new is wanted.  If one
+ * wants to define one's own <code>operator new</code>, or to call
+ * <code>operator new</code> directly, it should be defined to \c 0 to
+ * alter the default behaviour.  Unless, of course, one is willing to
+ * take the trouble to write something like:
+ * @code
+ * # ifdef new
+ * #   define _NEW_REDEFINED
+ * #   undef new
+ * # endif
+ *
+ * // Code that uses new is here
+ *
+ * # ifdef _NEW_REDEFINED
+ * #   ifdef DEBUG_NEW
+ * #     define new DEBUG_NEW
+ * #   endif
+ * #   undef _NEW_REDEFINED
+ * # endif
+ * @endcode
+ */
+#ifndef _DEBUG_NEW_REDEFINE_NEW
+#define _DEBUG_NEW_REDEFINE_NEW 1
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * @def _DEBUG_NEW_TYPE
+ *
+ * Macro to indicate which variant of #DEBUG_NEW is wanted.  The
+ * default value \c 1 allows the use of placement new (like
+ * <code>%new(std::nothrow)</code>), but the verbose output (when
+ * nvwa#new_verbose_flag is \c true) looks worse than some older
+ * versions (no file/line information for allocations).  Define it
+ * to \c 2 to revert to the old behaviour that records file and line
+ * information directly on the call to <code>operator new</code>.
+ */
+#ifndef _DEBUG_NEW_TYPE
+#define _DEBUG_NEW_TYPE 1
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Callback type for stack trace printing.
+ *
+ * @param fp          pointer to the output stream
+ * @param stacktrace  pointer to the stack trace array (null-terminated)
+ */
+typedef void (*stacktrace_print_callback_t)(FILE* fp, void** stacktrace);
+
+/**
+ * Callback type for the leak whitelist function.  \a file, \a address,
+ * and \a backtrace might be null depending on library configuration,
+ * platform, and amount of runtime information available.  \a line can
+ * be 0 when line number info is not available at runtime.
+ *
+ * @param file        null-terminated string of the file name
+ * @param line        line number
+ * @param addr        address of code where leakage happens
+ * @param stacktrace  pointer to the stack trace array (null-terminated)
+ * @return            \c true if the leak should be whitelisted;
+ *                    \c false otherwise
+ */
+typedef bool (*leak_whitelist_callback_t)(char const* file, int line,
+                                          void* addr, void** stacktrace);
+
+/* Prototypes */
+int check_leaks();
+int check_mem_corruption();
+
+/* Control variables */
+extern bool new_autocheck_flag; // default to true: call check_leaks() on exit
+extern bool new_verbose_flag;   // default to false: no verbose information
+extern FILE* new_output_fp;     // default to stderr: output to console
+extern const char* new_progname;// default to null; should be assigned argv[0]
+extern stacktrace_print_callback_t stacktrace_print_callback;// default to null
+extern leak_whitelist_callback_t leak_whitelist_callback;    // default to null
+
+/**
+ * @def DEBUG_NEW
+ *
+ * Macro to catch file/line information on allocation.  If
+ * #_DEBUG_NEW_REDEFINE_NEW is \c 0, one can use this macro directly;
+ * otherwise \c new will be defined to it, and one must use \c new
+ * instead.
+ */
+# if _DEBUG_NEW_TYPE == 1
+#   define DEBUG_NEW NVWA::debug_new_recorder(__FILE__, __LINE__) ->* new
+# else
+#   define DEBUG_NEW new(__FILE__, __LINE__)
+# endif
+
+# if _DEBUG_NEW_REDEFINE_NEW
+#   define new DEBUG_NEW
+# endif
+# ifdef _DEBUG_NEW_EMULATE_MALLOC
+#   include <stdlib.h>
+#   ifdef new
+#     define malloc(s) ((void*)(new char[s]))
+#   else
+#     define malloc(s) ((void*)(DEBUG_NEW char[s]))
+#   endif
+#   define free(p) delete[] (char*)(p)
+# endif
+
+/**
+ * Recorder class to remember the call context.
+ *
+ * The idea comes from <a href="http://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.c++.moderated/browse_thread/thread/7089382e3bc1c489/85f9107a1dc79ee9?#85f9107a1dc79ee9">Greg Herlihy's post</a> in comp.lang.c++.moderated.
+ */
+class debug_new_recorder
+{
+    const char* _M_file;
+    const int   _M_line;
+    void _M_process(void* ptr);
+public:
+    /**
+     * Constructor to remember the call context.  The information will
+     * be used in debug_new_recorder::operator->*.
+     */
+    debug_new_recorder(const char* file, int line)
+        : _M_file(file), _M_line(line) {}
+    /**
+     * Operator to write the context information to memory.
+     * <code>operator->*</code> is chosen because it has the right
+     * precedence, it is rarely used, and it looks good: so people can
+     * tell the special usage more quickly.
+     */
+    template <class _Tp> _Tp* operator->*(_Tp* ptr)
+    { _M_process(ptr); return ptr; }
+private:
+    debug_new_recorder(const debug_new_recorder&);
+    debug_new_recorder& operator=(const debug_new_recorder&);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Counter class for on-exit leakage check.
+ *
+ * This technique is learnt from <em>The C++ Programming Language</em> by
+ * Bjarne Stroustup.
+ */
+class debug_new_counter
+{
+    static int _S_count;
+public:
+    debug_new_counter();
+    ~debug_new_counter();
+};
+/** Counting object for each file including debug_new.h. */
+static debug_new_counter __debug_new_count;
+
+NVWA_NAMESPACE_END
+
+#endif // NVWA_DEBUG_NEW_H
diff --git a/src/debug/nvwa/fast_mutex.h b/src/debug/nvwa/fast_mutex.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..faccc4893
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/debug/nvwa/fast_mutex.h
@@ -0,0 +1,427 @@
+// -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; c-basic-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
+// vim:tabstop=4:shiftwidth=4:expandtab:
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2015 Wu Yongwei <adah at users dot sourceforge dot net>
+ *
+ * This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+ * warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any
+ * damages arising from the use of this software.
+ *
+ * Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+ * including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute
+ * it freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+ *
+ * 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must
+ *    not claim that you wrote the original software.  If you use this
+ *    software in a product, an acknowledgement in the product
+ *    documentation would be appreciated but is not required.
+ * 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must
+ *    not be misrepresented as being the original software.
+ * 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source
+ *    distribution.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Stones of Nvwa:
+ *      http://sourceforge.net/projects/nvwa
+ *
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @file  fast_mutex.h
+ *
+ * A fast mutex implementation for POSIX, Win32, and modern C++.
+ *
+ * @date  2015-05-19
+ */
+
+#ifndef NVWA_FAST_MUTEX_H
+#define NVWA_FAST_MUTEX_H
+
+#include "debug/nvwa/_nvwa.h"              // NVWA_NAMESPACE_*
+#include "debug/nvwa/c++11.h"              // HAVE_CXX11_MUTEX
+
+# if !defined(_NOTHREADS)
+#   if !defined(NVWA_USE_CXX11_MUTEX) && HAVE_CXX11_MUTEX != 0 && \
+            !defined(_WIN32THREADS) && !defined(NVWA_WIN32THREADS) && \
+            !defined(NVWA_PTHREADS) && !defined(NVWA_NOTHREADS) && \
+            defined(_WIN32) && defined(_MT) && \
+            (!defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(_DLL))
+//      Prefer using std::mutex on Windows to avoid the namespace
+//      pollution caused by <windows.h>.  However, MSVC has a re-entry
+//      issue with its std::mutex implementation, and std::mutex should
+//      not be used unless /MD or /MDd is used.  For more information,
+//      check out:
+//
+//        https://connect.microsoft.com/VisualStudio/feedback/details/776596/std-mutex-not-a-constexpr-with-mtd-compiler-flag
+//        http://stackoverflow.com/questions/14319344/stdmutex-lock-hangs-when-overriding-the-new-operator
+//
+#       define NVWA_USE_CXX11_MUTEX 1
+#   endif
+
+#   if !defined(_WIN32THREADS) && \
+            (defined(_WIN32) && defined(_MT))
+//      Automatically use _WIN32THREADS when specifying -MT/-MD in MSVC,
+//      or -mthreads in MinGW GCC.
+#       define _WIN32THREADS
+#   elif !defined(_PTHREADS) && \
+            defined(_REENTRANT)
+//      Automatically use _PTHREADS when specifying -pthread in GCC or Clang.
+#       define _PTHREADS
+#   endif
+# endif
+
+# ifndef NVWA_USE_CXX11_MUTEX
+#   if HAVE_CXX11_MUTEX != 0 && \
+            !defined(_NOTHREADS)    && !defined(NVWA_NOTHREADS) && \
+            !defined(_PTHREADS)     && !defined(NVWA_PTHREADS) && \
+            !defined(_WIN32THREADS) && !defined(NVWA_WIN32THREADS)
+#       define NVWA_USE_CXX11_MUTEX 1
+#   else
+#       define NVWA_USE_CXX11_MUTEX 0
+#   endif
+# endif
+
+# if !defined(_PTHREADS) && !defined(_WIN32THREADS) && \
+        !defined(_NOTHREADS) && NVWA_USE_CXX11_MUTEX == 0
+#   define _NOTHREADS
+# endif
+
+# if defined(_NOTHREADS)
+#   if defined(_PTHREADS) || defined(_WIN32THREADS) || \
+            NVWA_USE_CXX11_MUTEX != 0
+#       undef _NOTHREADS
+#       error "Cannot define multi-threaded mode with -D_NOTHREADS"
+#   endif
+# endif
+
+# if defined(__MINGW32__) && defined(_WIN32THREADS) && !defined(_MT)
+#   error "Be sure to specify -mthreads with -D_WIN32THREADS"
+# endif
+
+// With all the heuristics above, things may still go wrong, maybe even
+// due to a specific inclusion order.  So they may be overridden by
+// manually defining the NVWA_* macros below.
+# if NVWA_USE_CXX11_MUTEX == 0 && \
+        !defined(NVWA_WIN32THREADS) && \
+        !defined(NVWA_PTHREADS) && \
+        !defined(NVWA_NOTHREADS)
+//  _WIN32THREADS takes precedence, as some C++ libraries have _PTHREADS
+//  defined even on Win32 platforms.
+#   if defined(_WIN32THREADS)
+#       define NVWA_WIN32THREADS
+#   elif defined(_PTHREADS)
+#       define NVWA_PTHREADS
+#   else
+#       define NVWA_NOTHREADS
+#   endif
+# endif
+
+# ifndef _FAST_MUTEX_CHECK_INITIALIZATION
+/**
+ * Macro to control whether to check for initialization status for each
+ * lock/unlock operation.  Defining it to a non-zero value will enable
+ * the check, so that the construction/destruction of a static object
+ * using a static fast_mutex not yet constructed or already destroyed
+ * will work (with lock/unlock operations ignored).  Defining it to zero
+ * will disable to check.
+ */
+#   define _FAST_MUTEX_CHECK_INITIALIZATION 1
+# endif
+
+# ifdef _DEBUG
+#   include <stdio.h>
+#   include <stdlib.h>
+/** Macro for fast_mutex assertions.  Real version (for debug mode). */
+#   define _FAST_MUTEX_ASSERT(_Expr, _Msg) \
+        if (!(_Expr)) { \
+            fprintf(stderr, "fast_mutex::%s\n", _Msg); \
+            abort(); \
+        }
+# else
+/** Macro for fast_mutex assertions.  Fake version (for release mode). */
+#   define _FAST_MUTEX_ASSERT(_Expr, _Msg) \
+        ((void)0)
+# endif
+
+# if NVWA_USE_CXX11_MUTEX != 0
+#   include <mutex>
+NVWA_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+/**
+ * Macro alias to `volatile' semantics.  Here it is truly volatile since
+ * it is in a multi-threaded (C++11) environment.
+ */
+#   define __VOLATILE volatile
+    /**
+     * Class for non-reentrant fast mutexes.  This is the implementation
+     * using the C++11 mutex.
+     */
+    class fast_mutex
+    {
+        std::mutex _M_mtx_impl;
+#       if _FAST_MUTEX_CHECK_INITIALIZATION
+        bool _M_initialized;
+#       endif
+#       ifdef _DEBUG
+        bool _M_locked;
+#       endif
+    public:
+        fast_mutex()
+#       ifdef _DEBUG
+            : _M_locked(false)
+#       endif
+        {
+#       if _FAST_MUTEX_CHECK_INITIALIZATION
+            _M_initialized = true;
+#       endif
+        }
+        ~fast_mutex()
+        {
+            _FAST_MUTEX_ASSERT(!_M_locked, "~fast_mutex(): still locked");
+#       if _FAST_MUTEX_CHECK_INITIALIZATION
+            _M_initialized = false;
+#       endif
+        }
+        void lock()
+        {
+#       if _FAST_MUTEX_CHECK_INITIALIZATION
+            if (!_M_initialized)
+                return;
+#       endif
+            _M_mtx_impl.lock();
+#       ifdef _DEBUG
+            _FAST_MUTEX_ASSERT(!_M_locked, "lock(): already locked");
+            _M_locked = true;
+#       endif
+        }
+        void unlock()
+        {
+#       if _FAST_MUTEX_CHECK_INITIALIZATION
+            if (!_M_initialized)
+                return;
+#       endif
+#       ifdef _DEBUG
+            _FAST_MUTEX_ASSERT(_M_locked, "unlock(): not locked");
+            _M_locked = false;
+#       endif
+            _M_mtx_impl.unlock();
+        }
+    private:
+        fast_mutex(const fast_mutex&);
+        fast_mutex& operator=(const fast_mutex&);
+    };
+NVWA_NAMESPACE_END
+# elif defined(NVWA_PTHREADS)
+#   include <pthread.h>
+NVWA_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+/**
+ * Macro alias to `volatile' semantics.  Here it is truly volatile since
+ * it is in a multi-threaded (POSIX threads) environment.
+ */
+#   define __VOLATILE volatile
+    /**
+     * Class for non-reentrant fast mutexes.  This is the implementation
+     * for POSIX threads.
+     */
+    class fast_mutex
+    {
+        pthread_mutex_t _M_mtx_impl;
+#       if _FAST_MUTEX_CHECK_INITIALIZATION
+        bool _M_initialized;
+#       endif
+#       ifdef _DEBUG
+        bool _M_locked;
+#       endif
+    public:
+        fast_mutex()
+#       ifdef _DEBUG
+            : _M_locked(false)
+#       endif
+        {
+            ::pthread_mutex_init(&_M_mtx_impl, _NULLPTR);
+#       if _FAST_MUTEX_CHECK_INITIALIZATION
+            _M_initialized = true;
+#       endif
+        }
+        ~fast_mutex()
+        {
+            _FAST_MUTEX_ASSERT(!_M_locked, "~fast_mutex(): still locked");
+#       if _FAST_MUTEX_CHECK_INITIALIZATION
+            _M_initialized = false;
+#       endif
+            ::pthread_mutex_destroy(&_M_mtx_impl);
+        }
+        void lock()
+        {
+#       if _FAST_MUTEX_CHECK_INITIALIZATION
+            if (!_M_initialized)
+                return;
+#       endif
+            ::pthread_mutex_lock(&_M_mtx_impl);
+#       ifdef _DEBUG
+            // The following assertion should _always_ be true for a
+            // real `fast' pthread_mutex.  However, this assertion can
+            // help sometimes, when people forget to use `-lpthread' and
+            // glibc provides an empty implementation.  Having this
+            // assertion is also more consistent.
+            _FAST_MUTEX_ASSERT(!_M_locked, "lock(): already locked");
+            _M_locked = true;
+#       endif
+        }
+        void unlock()
+        {
+#       if _FAST_MUTEX_CHECK_INITIALIZATION
+            if (!_M_initialized)
+                return;
+#       endif
+#       ifdef _DEBUG
+            _FAST_MUTEX_ASSERT(_M_locked, "unlock(): not locked");
+            _M_locked = false;
+#       endif
+            ::pthread_mutex_unlock(&_M_mtx_impl);
+        }
+    private:
+        fast_mutex(const fast_mutex&);
+        fast_mutex& operator=(const fast_mutex&);
+    };
+NVWA_NAMESPACE_END
+# elif defined(NVWA_WIN32THREADS)
+#   ifndef WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#     define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#   endif /* WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN */
+#   include <windows.h>
+NVWA_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+/**
+ * Macro alias to `volatile' semantics.  Here it is truly volatile since
+ * it is in a multi-threaded (Win32 threads) environment.
+ */
+#   define __VOLATILE volatile
+    /**
+     * Class for non-reentrant fast mutexes.  This is the implementation
+     * for Win32 threads.
+     */
+    class fast_mutex
+    {
+        CRITICAL_SECTION _M_mtx_impl;
+#       if _FAST_MUTEX_CHECK_INITIALIZATION
+        bool _M_initialized;
+#       endif
+#       ifdef _DEBUG
+        bool _M_locked;
+#       endif
+    public:
+        fast_mutex()
+#       ifdef _DEBUG
+            : _M_locked(false)
+#       endif
+        {
+            ::InitializeCriticalSection(&_M_mtx_impl);
+#       if _FAST_MUTEX_CHECK_INITIALIZATION
+            _M_initialized = true;
+#       endif
+        }
+        ~fast_mutex()
+        {
+            _FAST_MUTEX_ASSERT(!_M_locked, "~fast_mutex(): still locked");
+#       if _FAST_MUTEX_CHECK_INITIALIZATION
+            _M_initialized = false;
+#       endif
+            ::DeleteCriticalSection(&_M_mtx_impl);
+        }
+        void lock()
+        {
+#       if _FAST_MUTEX_CHECK_INITIALIZATION
+            if (!_M_initialized)
+                return;
+#       endif
+            ::EnterCriticalSection(&_M_mtx_impl);
+#       ifdef _DEBUG
+            _FAST_MUTEX_ASSERT(!_M_locked, "lock(): already locked");
+            _M_locked = true;
+#       endif
+        }
+        void unlock()
+        {
+#       if _FAST_MUTEX_CHECK_INITIALIZATION
+            if (!_M_initialized)
+                return;
+#       endif
+#       ifdef _DEBUG
+            _FAST_MUTEX_ASSERT(_M_locked, "unlock(): not locked");
+            _M_locked = false;
+#       endif
+            ::LeaveCriticalSection(&_M_mtx_impl);
+        }
+    private:
+        fast_mutex(const fast_mutex&);
+        fast_mutex& operator=(const fast_mutex&);
+    };
+NVWA_NAMESPACE_END
+# elif defined(NVWA_NOTHREADS)
+NVWA_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+/**
+ * Macro alias to `volatile' semantics.  Here it is not truly volatile
+ * since it is in a single-threaded environment.
+ */
+#   define __VOLATILE
+    /**
+     * Class for non-reentrant fast mutexes.  This is the null
+     * implementation for single-threaded environments.
+     */
+    class fast_mutex
+    {
+#       ifdef _DEBUG
+        bool _M_locked;
+#       endif
+    public:
+        fast_mutex()
+#       ifdef _DEBUG
+            : _M_locked(false)
+#       endif
+        {
+        }
+        ~fast_mutex()
+        {
+            _FAST_MUTEX_ASSERT(!_M_locked, "~fast_mutex(): still locked");
+        }
+        void lock()
+        {
+#       ifdef _DEBUG
+            _FAST_MUTEX_ASSERT(!_M_locked, "lock(): already locked");
+            _M_locked = true;
+#       endif
+        }
+        void unlock()
+        {
+#       ifdef _DEBUG
+            _FAST_MUTEX_ASSERT(_M_locked, "unlock(): not locked");
+            _M_locked = false;
+#       endif
+        }
+    private:
+        fast_mutex(const fast_mutex&);
+        fast_mutex& operator=(const fast_mutex&);
+    };
+NVWA_NAMESPACE_END
+# endif // Definition of class fast_mutex
+
+NVWA_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+/** RAII lock class for fast_mutex. */
+class fast_mutex_autolock
+{
+    fast_mutex& _M_mtx;
+public:
+    explicit fast_mutex_autolock(fast_mutex& mtx) : _M_mtx(mtx)
+    {
+        _M_mtx.lock();
+    }
+    ~fast_mutex_autolock()
+    {
+        _M_mtx.unlock();
+    }
+private:
+    fast_mutex_autolock(const fast_mutex_autolock&);
+    fast_mutex_autolock& operator=(const fast_mutex_autolock&);
+};
+NVWA_NAMESPACE_END
+
+#endif // NVWA_FAST_MUTEX_H
diff --git a/src/debug/nvwa/static_assert.h b/src/debug/nvwa/static_assert.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..877ef0f97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/debug/nvwa/static_assert.h
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+// -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; c-basic-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
+// vim:tabstop=4:shiftwidth=4:expandtab:
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2004-2013 Wu Yongwei <adah at users dot sourceforge dot net>
+ *
+ * This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
+ * warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any
+ * damages arising from the use of this software.
+ *
+ * Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,
+ * including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute
+ * it freely, subject to the following restrictions:
+ *
+ * 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must
+ *    not claim that you wrote the original software.  If you use this
+ *    software in a product, an acknowledgement in the product
+ *    documentation would be appreciated but is not required.
+ * 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must
+ *    not be misrepresented as being the original software.
+ * 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source
+ *    distribution.
+ *
+ * This file is part of Stones of Nvwa:
+ *      http://sourceforge.net/projects/nvwa
+ *
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @file  static_assert.h
+ *
+ * Template class to check validity duing compile time (adapted from Loki).
+ *
+ * @date  2013-09-07
+ */
+
+#ifndef STATIC_ASSERT
+
+#include "debug/nvwa/c++11.h"
+
+#if HAVE_CXX11_STATIC_ASSERT
+
+#define STATIC_ASSERT(_Expr, _Msg) static_assert(_Expr, #_Msg)
+
+#else
+
+namespace nvwa {
+
+template <bool> struct compile_time_error;
+template <>     struct compile_time_error<true> {};
+
+#define STATIC_ASSERT(_Expr, _Msg) \
+    { \
+        nvwa::compile_time_error<((_Expr) != 0)> ERROR_##_Msg; \
+        (void)ERROR_##_Msg; \
+    }
+
+}
+
+#endif // HAVE_CXX11_STATIC_ASSERT
+
+#endif // STATIC_ASSERT